What is the substance of the eraser. Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich

The first associations that arise with the word "eraser" - an elastic, extensible material. But these properties are not of this type. This is a cotton fabric of a smooth silky structure, obtained by satin weaving of threads. Does not stretch, has all the properties of cotton fabric, can be plain or with a printed pattern. It is distinguished by its special strength, which is why it received the name "eraser", which is translated from English as "lasting" (durable). This is an ideal option for sewing bedding sets, tablecloths, accessories, children's clothing.

Features and characteristics of the fabric eraser, what it consists of

The raw material for production is mercerized cotton, its main advantage is improved strength and visual characteristics. The technology of chemical processing of yarn was developed in 1844 in Great Britain by John Mercer.

Cotton fibers are kept in a sodium hydroxide solution, in the process of swelling the threads decreased in length, but the area increased, became more durable and easily dyed. Read where hemp fabric is used.

The mercerization process was improved by Horace Low, during processing, cotton fibers, in contrast to, were stretched and removed from them, as a result of which the fibers acquired shine and smoothness.

Properties

In the production of the leaf, the satin weave technique was used. Its main difference is in the presence of long overlaps of threads. Materials treated in this way have the following properties:

1. Strength, durability. If you follow the recommendations for washing, they retain their strength characteristics for a long time.
2. Hygroscopicity.
3. Breathability - in products the body "breathes".
4. Softness. Pleasant to the touch, things from the eraser can be sewn without lining.
5. Opacity. You can sew shade curtains.
6. The ability to drape. This property allows you to design products with folds that will flow gently, beautifully reflecting light.
7. No electrification. Cotton does not accumulate static stress, products do not stick.
8. Does not fade or shrink when washed at low temperatures.

Advantages and disadvantages of fiber

Mercerized cotton is difficult to stretch or tear, but at the same time the material is soft and pliable. Among the advantages - resistance to fading in the sun and the preservation of the original color.

Mercerized fiber fabric is hygroscopic, you can walk in products for a long time and not experience any inconvenience.

Among the disadvantages are shrinkage of products after washing at high temperatures, as well as a long drying time. Find out about the characteristics of twill fabric.

It does not stretch, this should be taken into account when modeling clothes, combinations with other fabrics, such as, twill,.

Production and fabrication of material

Appeared in China, their production was too expensive, the raw material was natural silk. At the end of the 18th century, the production of satin weave of cotton fibers was patented. Satin sheen is obtained from twisting the threads, the denser the fiber is twisted, the more shine will appear. Satin weave is formed from two systems. The warp threads running along the canvas and the wefts are arranged in a certain order. The main threads are superimposed on the transverse fibers in such a way that they cover several transverse threads at once. With this weave, the density of spinning is high, the face of the fabric is smoother and shiny. Denim will tell about the texture and density of the fabric.

Scope of application: what is sewn from fabric

It is in demand for tailoring, shirts, shirts, home kits, tracksuits, dresses, skirts, trousers are sewn from it. One-colored sew children's products, additional elements for clothing (cuffs, collars, inlays). The material produces a high-quality lining for outerwear (coats, jackets, raincoats). The canvas is widely used in home textiles, bedding sets, curtains, bedspreads, tablecloths, napkins are sewn from it. He will tell about the properties of canvas fabric.

So that things do not deform, do not shed, you must adhere to the following recommendations:

• things are washed by hand or in a washing machine at medium temperatures;
• withstands any mode, it is still recommended to set the delicate mode;
• dyed items should not be washed with chlorine bleach;
• products can be twisted, it should be dried in a straightened form to avoid creases;
• it is better to iron in the "cotton" mode, steaming can be used;
• Due to the high hygroscopicity of the eraser product, it is necessary to store it in well-ventilated packages, do not use plastic bags.

Read what satin jacquard fabric looks like.

Video

This video will tell about cotton fabrics:

conclusions

1. Eraser is a satin-weave cotton fabric that has all the properties of cotton.
2. For production, mercerized cotton fiber is used.
3. It is used, as well as, when sewing clothes, lining for clothes, used in the production of home textiles, theatrical costumes, scarves.
4. The canvas is durable, wear-resistant, does not stretch, does not deform.
5. The care of products made of eraser is the same as for ordinary cotton products.

Hello dear.
Last week, we started a new series of posts: , and I must say that you showed some interest. So let's keep going :-)
Well, since last time we talked about a pencil, today we will discuss the eraser a little. For one thing often follows another.
By the way, the American Hein Lipman first combined these 2 things in one in 1858. It was he who invented the pencil with an eraser on the end.

In general, an eraser is a much more necessary and convenient thing that has played a much more prominent role in the history of civilization than is commonly thought. Well, let's say, before the advent of erasers, they used ..... bread crumb to erase traces of black lead pencils.
I will not traditionally talk about the creation and development of erasers, but I will give a couple of interesting (I hope) facts for you.

Like everyone else in childhood, I was interested in the question - how does it work. And why? Here we have physics ... The eraser erases graphite due to the resulting static electricity during friction. In this case, electrified graphite particles are attracted to the eraser.

If you think that erasers are a rubber object, then I want to disappoint you. Most modern erasers do not contain rubber at all, neither natural nor synthetic, but completely polymeric. Polymer erasers are no worse, because. modern elastomers are in no way inferior to rubber in properties. At the same time, they have additional useful properties.

Although, in principle, sometimes what a modern eraser is made of can be determined by its color. Red-blue or gray are made using natural rubber. Such erasers are very elastic, they can twist and stretch without deforming, but they do not wash very well most often. But pure white or multi-colored erasers are made from synthetic polymers, have good abrasiveness and are pleasant to the touch.

True, the process of their production is very laborious and its violation leads to the production of erasers of little use for erasing, which we can often experience from our own experience. Although most often, of course, the color palette is associated primarily with the dyes included in it. For example, iron oxide or antimony sulfide is used for red eraser, lithopone or zinc is used for white eraser, and so on :-)

In general, the degree of softness or abrasiveness of the eraser is determined by the proportions of sulfur and additives in the rubber manufacturing process. Additional substances are added to erasers to improve the quality of erasing. For example, a mandatory additive is a plasticizer based on animal or vegetable oils, which is the very substance that ensures the quality of erasing.

Now modern erasers can erase a felt-tip pen, and ink, and ink, and anything, and not just a pencil. But these are modern erasers created using modern technologies. The composition of such gums includes microcapsules with a solvent. From friction with paper, the shell of the capsules is destroyed, activating the solvent. The released solvent weakens the dyes, and the traces of ink treated with it become discolored, “disappearing” both from paper and from tracing paper or plastic.
But one of the main legends of our childhood had no basis. Remember this "rubber":

It was believed that the red end erases the pencil, and the blue end erases the ink of the pen. This is bullshit. Those who believed in this legend wiped their notebooks and diaries to holes :-) In fact, different ends were used for different types paper - blue for denser.
If you think about those erasers that I loved, then probably it's still Czech all the same company Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth

The Elephant image sign is one of the oldest registered trademarks in the world. The famous elephant erasers have been made from natural rubber since 1896 to this day.
Well, in the end, I want to say that on the territory of our country several settlements are named after Eraser.


And on April 15, the international unofficial holiday Eraser Day is celebrated.
That's how it is :-)
To be continued...
Have a nice time of the day.

An eraser (eraser) is a stationery that is used to remove pencil entries from paper and other writing surfaces. There are special pens, ink, which can also be erased with an eraser.

This ingenious discovery was made by the Englishman D. Priestley, who was the first to suggest that his friends use pieces of natural rubber to erase notes made in pencil or ink. A little later, this method quickly gained wide application and popularity. This invention dates back to 1770. Eraser factories appeared around late XIX centuries in Germany and America. Since then, the composition, shape, and color have changed.

How are erasers erased? During the friction of rubber on paper on which something is written, pieces of graphite are gradually erased from the paper and stick to the surface of the eraser, which is also erased in small pieces. As a result of this process, the surface is cleared of the inscription, but the eraser also erases the used layer.

However, if the eraser is of poor quality or dried out, then it will smudge the paper and smudge. Nowadays, erasers are made from various materials: rubber, vinyl and plastic. To improve the quality of abrasion, many additional substances are added to natural rubber.

An indispensable and practically the main additive is a plasticizer, which is produced on the basis of various animal or vegetable oils (rapeseed oil). It is the plasticizer that ensures the quality of the eraser. Sulfur, quartz powder, various fillers (chalk, pumice powder) are also used in the production of erasers.

The color palette of erasers is diverse due to the dyes included in it. For example, iron oxide or antimony sulfide is used for a red eraser, lithopone or zinc is used for a white eraser, and so on. There are combination and two-color erasers, in which one side is soft for erasing marks from graphite pencils, and the second is hard for removing ink marks. Such erasers can be considered universal, functional and practical.

To date, several types of rubber-based erasers are produced: synthetic and mechanical.

Synthetic erasers are usually made from plastic or vinyl and can be molded into a variety of decorative shapes, colors and designs. Unlike rubber erasers, they last longer and do not deteriorate over the years.

But mechanical erasers are used for very final deletions and traces, ink lines and even rust spots. The rigidity of such an eraser is ensured by the use of abrasive materials and scrapers, so they must be used thoughtfully and carefully.

How to determine a natural and high-quality eraser in such a huge variety? Knowing a few secrets, you can easily do this. Natural rubber eraser is usually milky in color, has rounded edges and a porous surface.

A poor-quality eraser becomes dirty and leaves marks behind. And, of course, all erasers are made in accordance with the hygienic standard EN-71, that is, they do not contain harmful impurities and are not toxic.

Eraser (eraser)- stationery for removing pencil (and sometimes ink) inscriptions from paper and other writing surfaces. It is a soft piece of unvulcanized rubber, sometimes attached to the back of a pencil. Can be any color and different density. The softer the gum, the more pleasant and more convenient it is to use. There are special pens whose ink can be erased with an eraser.

While rubbing the rubber band on the paper with the inscription, pieces of graphite are erased from the paper and stick to the surface of the rubber band, which in turn wears away (in small pieces). As a result, both the surface with the inscription (from the inscription) and the surface of the gum are cleaned from the used layer. Dried and low-quality rubber bands (in which the used layer is not erased) stain the paper, since the graphite that has adhered (and has not come down with the rubber layer) is smeared on the paper.

Story

The origin of the eraser is rooted in the distant past, during the travels of Columbus. During one of his travels, Columbus on the island of Hispaniola learned from local residents that the white sap of the hevea tree, which darkens and hardens with time, has interesting properties. The Indians called this substance "kau-chu" - "tears of a tree." Columbus took this miracle with him and brought it home. In England, "rubber" was called "gum". Later, by chance, one of the English boys noticed that a piece of gummi could erase what was written in pencil. So the mechanic E. Nern learned the properties of the eraser, and D. Priestley described these properties in 1770. From that moment on, erasers began to be used everywhere.

Erasers these days are not made from natural rubber, but instead use a man-made version of it because it is cheaper. Synthetic rubber is obtained from sawdust or from ordinary potatoes. There are cases of adding oil to the composition of the eraser. Plasticizer, chalk, sulfur, rapeseed oil - all these additional ingredients help to improve the "erasing" properties of the eraser. In order for the eraser to really erase the pencil, and not smear it on paper, the smallest particles of crushed glass are added to the eraser in the manufacture of the eraser.

Progress does not stand still, and now modern erasers can erase not only a pencil, but also a pen (ink). To do this, abrasive material is added to the erasers, and the gum becomes harder. But you need to be careful when using such erasers: they can damage thin paper.

Choice

The ideal eraser should be flexible, not too soft, and not crumble too much when erasing. When choosing plastic, you have to focus on visual inspection - a rare seller will allow you to try out the eraser in action before buying or allow you to check it for elasticity, crumple and crumble, because the presentation “suffers” from these procedures. Professionals advise considering products of light, neutral colors as the best option - too bright, with the obvious use of dyes, will inevitably stain the paper when erasing.

Universal erasers, for effective removal of traces of ordinary, "simple" or colored pencils, ink pens will not be able to pick up:

• A black-graphite pencil is better erased from paper by soft erasers.
• Colored pencil marks can be removed with harder and more elastic erasers, with medium abrasive properties.
• Ink can only be erased from sufficiently thick and smooth paper by carefully removing the top layer of its surface along with the part of the drawing to be removed. Only a very hard eraser with particles of abrasive substances can cope with this task, which is often “cut” at a certain angle for better efficiency.
• It is advisable to choose natural rubber erasers for solving the last two tasks - they perfectly erase traces of colored pencils and ink.

Elastic bands made of artificial rubber are the softest, crumble in the process, it is more pleasant to work with them when drawing with a black-graphite pencil on paper of any density.

Vinyl and plastic erasers can have different properties, be softer and harder, depending on the use of various additives in the manufacture. Unlike rubber, they are more durable.

Today we will talk about another thing, without which pencils in modern world already unthinkable. We will talk about an eraser or, as this item is called by the people, an eraser.

The history of the eraser, with which pencil inscriptions are erased, has more than two centuries. Prior to that, this function was most often performed by bread crumb, but in 1770, the English chemist Joseph Priestley discovered that rubber (only rubber was known at that time) could erase pencil inscriptions more successfully than bread. This is due to the fact that when the rubber rubs against the paper, an electrostatic voltage arises, due to which the graphite particles are attracted to the eraser.

But natural rubber is short-lived, as it tends to soften in summer, while emitting an unpleasant odor, and harden in winter, becoming brittle. It was possible to improve the quality of erasers with the discovery of the rubber vulcanization process by Charles Goodyear in 1839. After that, the popularity of rubber erasers skyrocketed. So at the end of the nineteenth century, the first factories for the production of stationery erasers appeared in Germany and America.

In the history of the eraser, natural rubber was for a long time the only material from which it was made. This lasted until the middle of the twentieth century, when synthetic rubber was invented. And in the nineties, erasers began to be made from PVC and other polymers.

What a modern eraser is made of can be determined by its color. Red-blue or gray are made from natural rubber, they are very elastic, they can twist and stretch without deforming, but they don’t wash very well. Pure white or multi-colored erasers are made from synthetic polymers, have good abrasiveness and are pleasant to the touch. True, the process of their production is very laborious and its violation leads to the production of erasers of little use for erasing.

It is worth noting such a variety as a “crumpling” eraser, popularly called “Klyachka”, made from polyisobutylene, pumice, soot, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide. It is very soft, it can be given any shape, while along with graphite, it also absorbs grease from fingers, preventing stains on paper. For these properties, it is highly valued by artists working with charcoal or charcoal pencils.