A subject of conscious activity with a worldview and statuses. Personality as a subject of social life

Humanity is a specific material reality, but as such it does not exist independently. Specific people live and act. The existence of individual representatives of humanity is expressed by the concept of “individual”.

Individual- this is a single representative of the human race, a specific bearer of all the social and psychological traits of humanity: reason, will, needs, interests, etc. To reflect specifically the historical features of human development at various levels of his individual and historical development, along with the concept of “individual” the concept of “personality” is used.

Word "personality"(lat. persona) originally denoted the mask in which the actor performed in the ancient theater, then it began to denote the actor himself. Later, this word significantly changed its meaning and began to characterize a person in the system public relations, where there are already many social roles.

A person is a human individual who is a subject of consciousness. activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life. When people talk about personality, they first of all mean its social individuality and uniqueness.

This is a complex concept that embodies the result of the development of an individual, the most complete embodiment of all human qualities, which can be characterized as follows: a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life. When they talk about personality, first of all, they mean its social individuality and uniqueness. The latter is formed in the process of upbringing and human activity under the influence of a particular society and its culture. Not every person is a person. People are born as human beings and become individuals through the process of socialization.

It is obvious that the concept of personality differs from the concept of individuality, which characterizes the originality, uniqueness, uniqueness of a given person. Personality is a concept that shows that certain traits manifested in an individual bearer are socially significant.

A philosophical understanding of personality makes it possible to answer the questions: what place does a person occupy in the world; who he is; who he can and should become; how a person’s individual potential is realized in his social everyday life; how he plays his social role; what is his measure of responsibility for words and actions, the measure of freedom; how he controls himself; How does it develop and live?

Personality and individuality.

Previously, the word “individual” had an exclusively biological meaning and denoted a separate “individual” as a representative of a biological species. Further development of this concept led to the fact that its content retained the features of a representative, a species, but to a greater extent it began to indicate a separate object with unique qualities, features of biography, character, abilities, appearance, behavior, etc.

The concepts of “personality” and “individual” have gone through a long history in their development and, in enriching their content, reflected the processes that took place in society, as well as in the development of philosophical thought.

These concepts have entered everyday and literary use. Thus, a personality is often characterized as strong or weak, bright or colorless, rich or poor (in terms of spiritual components), open or closed, etc.

Taking into account the development of information saturation of social relations, the deployment of various forms of communication, personality began to be defined as a manifestation of individuality in social communication.

Personality is the embodiment of a certain social character, individual and, at the same time, typical, social. Personality, therefore, can be defined as an individually expressed phenomenon. Thus, a person can only be called a person who, in his actions, behavior and thinking, is distinguished by independence and self-sufficiency; this is nothing more than individuality, which is a character trait of the individual.

Social role which a person performs is formed and has meaning only in society, in this sense a person always expresses himself as a representative of a particular society, historical era, i.e. carries typical features. However, a person is always unique, since she always realizes the social, typical in an individual form that is unique to her. In addition, we must not forget that the reasons for individually unique characteristics are determined by the set of genes received from parents, and in this sense, each person is unique. This uniqueness is realized through characteristics characteristic only of a given person: characteristics of temperament, character, facial features and, in general, the entire physical appearance. Therefore, personality is always individual.

1. To this day, there are small tribes that are at the stage of primitive relations and have no contact with the rest of the world. They practically do not engage in economic activities, extracting everything necessary for existence from nature. The fruits they collect and the animals they hunt become the property of the entire tribe and are distributed according to the equalizing principle by the leader of the tribe. Do these tribes live a natural or social life? Justify your answer (give 2 reasons).

correct answer

the tribes indicated in the text, despite their close connection with nature, live:

social life.

2 reasons for your opinion:

1) people living in a tribe are connected by collectivist (i.e. social) relations;

2) in these tribes there are leaders (that is, there are power relations and primitive, but public management).

2. The definition of “a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life” refers to the concept:

1. person 3. individuality

2. personality 4. individual

correct answer

2. personality

3. A person, unlike an animal, is capable of:

1. show emotions 3. set goals

2. take care of offspring 4. perform actions

correct answer

3. to goal setting

4. Human activity and animal behavior are characterized by:

1. self-control mechanism 3. setting goals

2. satisfaction of needs 4. awareness of the choice of means

correct answer

2. satisfaction of needs

5. Find in the list below social phenomena, and write down in your answer the numbers (without commas or spaces) under which they are indicated:

1) animal protection law 3) evolution of fish species 5. education reform

2) photosynthesis 4) revolution 6. volcanic eruption

correct answer

145

6. Find in the list a concept that generalizes to all the others, and write it down as an answer.

sphere, element, subsystem, structure of society, groups and associations of people, person, individual.

correct answer

structure of society

7. Definition: “The direction of development, which is characterized by a transition from higher and perfect forms and structures of society to lower and imperfect structures,” refers to the concept:

1. evolution 3. revolution

2. reform 4. regression

correct answer

4. regression

8. Find in the list a concept that generalizes to all the others, and write it down as an answer.

motherhood, family institution, childhood, fatherhood, socialization, marriage institution.

correct answer

family institute

Material for preparation:

Deyaactivity – ak form human activity aimed to transform their environmentof the world (in reality or through consciousness).

Structure– structure (device, composition) of something or someone.

Structure (structure) of any activitysti:

Motive(motivating reason for activity);

1. subject (the one who carries out the activity: an individual or a group of individuals, an organization, etc.);

2. object(that or what or who, what this figure is fordirectional);

3. goal (formation in the consciousness of the subject of activitythe ideal image of that result,which a person strives to achieve as a result of activity);

4. meansits (goal) achieved nia (after defining the goalthe individual decides what will help him, with what help he can (i.e. what meanshe needs to use) to achieve his goal);

5. result(real image obtained by the subject as a result of activity).

E If the goal is clearly set, the means are chosen correctly,That the result of the activity will becoincidence of the ideal image of the result with the real one, that is, it makes sense to say that the goal of the activity has been achieved by the subject.

Depending on the received the result of the activity canbe characterized:

• destructive;
• creative.

The main motive, I encourage person’s activity: desire to satisfyyour needs ( physiologically e; social; ideal).

Conscious to one degree or anotherpeople, needs become the main thing source of their activity.

Important role in activity (in addition to needs) play beliefs of peopleregarding the goals many things need to be achieved, new ways and means, leading to achieving goals.

Belief - a firmly established opinion in a person, a confident view of something or someone, a point of view.

Sometimes in the choice of ways and meanspeople are guided by wordsliving in a society of stereotypesmi, i.e. some general ones grown-up ideas aboutsomething, and sometimes go against stereotypes.

Stereotype – a well-established pattern (pattern) of thinking or behavior in society.

The activity has a huge impactsignificant influence on the individual, being the basis on which Personal development is underway. In pro process of individual activity moralizes and asserts itself as a person, it is the process activity is the basissocialization of the individual. Okazitransformative influenceimpact on the surrounding world, what the trapper not only adapts (adapts) to the natural and social environment, but rebuilds and improves her.

The whole history of man society – history of human activity.

Socialization of personality. Interpersonal relationships

A person is a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life. When people talk about personality, they first of all mean its social individuality and uniqueness. The latter is formed in the process of upbringing and human activity, under the influence of a particular society and its culture. Not every person is a person.

People are born as human beings and become individuals through the process of socialization.

Socialization n is called ongoing throughout the life of individuals the process of influence on them by society and its structures, as a result of which people accumulate social experience of life in a particular society and become individuals. One should distinguish from socialization adaptation (a time-limited process of getting used to new conditions of existence), learning (the process of an individual acquiring new knowledge about the world around him), and maturation (the sociopsychological development of a person in a narrow age range from 10 to 20 years).

Socialization begins in childhood and continues through adolescence and into adulthood. Its success determines how much a person, having mastered the values ​​and norms of behavior accepted in a given culture, will be able to realize himself in the process of social life. The environment around a person can influence the development of personality both intentionally (through the organization of training and education) and unintentionally.

The process of socialization goes through several stages, which sociologists call life cycles: childhood, youth, maturity and old age. Life cycles are associated with changing social roles, acquiring a new status, changing habits and lifestyle. According to the degree of achievement of the result, a distinction is made between initial, or early, socialization, covering the periods of childhood and adolescence, and continued, or mature, socialization, covering maturity and old age.

The formation of a person’s personality in the process of socialization occurs with the help of so-called agents and institutions of socialization.

Socialization agents refer to specific individuals responsible for teaching other people cultural norms and helping them learn various social roles. Distinguish agents of primary socialization(parents, brothers, sisters, close and distant relatives, friends, teachers, etc.) and agents of secondary socialization(university officials, enterprises, television employees, etc.). Agents of primary socialization make up a person’s immediate environment and play a crucial role in the process of forming his personality; agents of secondary socialization have a less important influence.

Socialization institutions - these are social institutions that influence and guide the process of socialization . Like agents, socialization institutions are also divided into primary and secondary. An example of a primary institution of socialization can be the family, school, a secondary institution - means mass media, army, church.

Primary socialization of the individual is carried out in the sphere of interpersonal relations, secondary - in the sphere of social relations.

Agents and institutions of socialization perform two main functions:

1) teach people cultural norms and patterns of behavior accepted in society;

2) exercise social control over how firmly, deeply and correctly these norms and patterns of behavior are internalized by the individual.

Therefore, such elements of social control as encouragement (for example, in the form of positive evaluations) and punishment (in the form of negative evaluations) are also methods of socialization.

During the period of secondary socialization, a person can be a subject of the processes of desocialization and resocialization.

Desocialization represents a loss or conscious rejection of learned values, norms of behavior, social roles, and habitual way of life. Resocialization called the opposite process of restoring lost values ​​and social roles, retraining, returning the individual to a normal (old) way of life. If the process of desocialization is negative and deep enough, it can destroy the foundations of personality, which will be impossible to restore even with the help of positive resocialization.

All interpersonal relationships are divided into official and unofficial.

Official and informal interpersonal relationships differ from each other, firstly, by the presence or absence of a certain normativity in them. Official relations are always regulated by certain norms - legal, corporate, etc. Secondly, official relations are standardized and impersonal, i.e. the rights and responsibilities that develop within the framework of official interpersonal relations do not depend on the individual, while how informal interpersonal relationships are determined by the individual personal characteristics of their participants, their feelings and preferences. Finally, in official relationships the possibility of choosing a communication partner is extremely limited, while in informal relationships it is the choice of the individual that plays a decisive role. This choice is made by communication partners depending on the inherent need for each of them to communicate and interact.

action with a person who is completely defined in his personal qualities.

The formal and informal interpersonal relationships that people enter into with each other are extremely diverse. They can be short-term (fellow travelers on the train), long-term (friends, co-workers), permanent (parents and their children), cause-and-effect (criminal and his victim), functional (customer and tailor), educational (teacher and student), subordinate (boss and subordinate).

Choose one correct answer from those given. Enter your answer in the table.

Task 1.1

Which of the following situations leads to a decrease in demand for a product or service?

1. rise in price of substitute goods
2. reduction in the number of consumers
3. active advertising in the media
4. improving the quality of a product or service

Task 1.2

The process of familiarization with culture, the values ​​of human society, and knowledge about the world accumulated by previous generations is called

1. the science
2. art
3. education
4. creation

Task 1.3

The properties and roles of a person, which he acquires only in interaction with other people, characterize him as

1. individual
2. individuality
3. organism
4. personality

Task 1.4

Which of the following statements characterizes world religions?

1. the importance of ancestor worship
2. animal sacrifices
3. formal equality of all people in the face of higher powers
4. use of magical practices

Answer :

1.1.	1.2.	1.3.	1.4.
2	3	4	3

Evaluation criteria

By 1 point for every correct answer.

Maximum per task 4 points.

Task 2

Choose several correct answers. Enter your answers into the table.

Task 2.1

Select from the list below the principles laid down in the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

1. domination of state property
2. principle of democracy
3. giving women more rights than men
4. principle of the welfare state
5. local government guarantees

Task 2.2

Which of the following is income from property?

1. interest on deposit
2. winning the lottery
3. rent
4. wage
5. dividends

Task 2.3

Select civil (personal) human rights and freedoms from the list below.

1. right to privacy of home
2. right to a healthy environment
3. right to freedom of movement and choice of place of residence
4. right to protection of honor and dignity
5. right to participate in the management of state affairs

Answer :

2.1.	2.2.	2.3.
245	135	134

Evaluation criteria

2 points for a completely correct answer. 1 point for an answer with one error (one of the correct answers is not indicated or, along with all the correct answers indicated, one incorrect answer is given).

Maximum per task 6 points.

Task 3

What do the following concepts have in common? Give the most accurate answer possible.

Task 3.1

Legal custom, legal precedent, legal act.

Answer: sources of law.

Task 3.2

Nutrition, contact with others, recognition of personal achievements, ensuring safety.

Answer: human needs.

By 3 points for every correct answer.

Maximum per task 6 points.

Task 4

Give a brief rationale for the series (what unites the listed elements). nIndicate which of the elements is redundant on this basis.

Task 4.1

Italy, Russia, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Hungary.

Answer: republics. The odd one out is the Netherlands.

Task 4.2

Care, compromise, mobility, mediation.

Answer: ways to resolve conflict. The extra thing is mobility.

Evaluation criteria

By 4 points for each correct answer ( 2 points for the correct justification, 2 points for pointing out too much).

Maximum per task 8 points.

Task 5

"Yes or no"? If you agree with the statement, write “yes”; if you disagree, write “no”. Enter your answers into the table.

Task 5.1.

The “maternity capital” program is one of the ways to solve the demographic problem in the Russian Federation.

Task 5.2.

The description and procedure for the official use of state symbols of the Russian Federation are established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Task 5.3.

Rituals serve to maintain the integrity of the human collective.

Task 5.4.

IN modern society level of education does not affect membership in one or another stratum.

Task 5.5.

Inheritance issues are regulated by civil law.

Answer :

5.1.	5.2.	5.3.	5.4.	5.5.
Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes

Evaluation criteria

By 2 points for every correct position.

Maximum per task 10 points.

Task 6

Fill out the diagram, indicating the category (generalizing concept) common to all images, as well as its constituent elements. Enter in the appropriate cells the letter designations of the illustrations that relate to the elements you named.

Figure A

Figure B

Figure B

Figure D

Answer :

2 points for indicating the general concept. By 2 points for each completely correct filling of the cells of the second level of the scheme.

Maximum per task 10 points.

Task 7

Solve a logic problem.

Three friends met - Serova, Krasnova and Chernova, dressed in gray, red and black dresses. The girl in gray said to Chernova: “Let’s change dresses so that their color matches their surnames!” What color dress did each friend originally wear?

Answer : Krasnova – gray dress, Chernova – red dress, Serova – black dress.

Reasoning : If the girl in gray approached Chernova with her proposal, then her friend was wearing a red dress (not black, because the dresses did not initially correspond to the surnames). Therefore, the girl in gray is Krasnova. Thus, Serova initially wore a black dress.

Evaluation criteria

3 points for answer. 4 points for a complete discussion. If one of the stages of reasoning is skipped - 1 point. If more - 0 points.

Maximum per task 7 points.

Task 8

Establish a correspondence between the forms of government and specific historical examples: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Enter your answers into the table.

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

EXAMPLE OF GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

1) federation 2) confederation 3) unitary

A) An important milestone in the history of Switzerland was the agreement concluded in 1291 by the three cantons on joint defense in the event of an attack by the Holy Roman Empire. B) Russia has 85 equal subjects, including 22 republics, 9 territories, 46 regions, 3 federal cities, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous districts. C) This is precisely the form of government that existed in the first 13 colonies in North America, united to fight Great Britain. D) Art. 3 of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines Poland as a single state.

Answer :

A	B	IN	G
2	1	1	3

Evaluation criteria

By 1 point y for each correct position.

Maximum per task 4 points.

Task 9

Insert in place of the gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words from the proposed list. Words are given in the list in the singular, adjectives are in the masculine form. Please note: the list of words also contains some that should not appear in the text! Enter your answer in the table.

The most important condition for social ______(A) and effective ______(B) social system is ________(C) social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system will face ________(D) and collapse. Society has certain means by which it ensures _________(D) of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social ___________(E), the main function of which is to create conditions for the sustainability of the social system, the preservation of social __________(F) and at the same time for positive social changes. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive __________(Z) from social norms, which should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain ________(I) should be applied (from the Latin sanctio - the strictest decree ) negative character, including ________(K).

List of terms :

1. stability
2. sustainability
3. interaction
4. deviations
5. administrative
6. justification
7. monitoring
8. sanctions
9. predictability
10. reproduction
11. control
12. violent
13. functioning
14. civil
15. legal
16. subordination
17. disorganization
18. criminal
19. situation

Answer :

A	B	IN	G	D	E	AND	Z	AND	TO
3	13	9	17	10	11	1	4	8	15

Evaluation criteria

By 1 point y for each correct insertion.

Maximum per task 10 points.

Task 10

Read the text carefully and answer the questions.

Social norms represent the basic forms and means by which the behavior and social relations of people are regulated. They express in concentrated form the objective need of any society to streamline the actions and relationships of its members, to subordinate their behavior socially necessary rules. Thereby social norms act as a powerful factor in the conscious and purposeful influence of a social community on the image, method and forms of people’s life...

Since its appearance, law has begun to play an important role in the system of social regulation. For all its relative independence, law, like other types of social norms, carries out its specific regulatory functions not in isolation and separately, but in a single complex and in close interaction with other social regulators...

A special type of social norms are corporate norms, i.e. norms adopted by public associations and regulating relations between their members or participants...

Enshrined in the documents of a public association (political

party, trade union, public initiative body, etc.) the norms apply only to members and participants of a given public association and are binding only for them. Violation of these corporate norms entails the application of appropriate sanctions provided for by the organization's charter.

Corporate norms (in terms of their regulatory significance, scope of action, range of addressees, etc.) are group norms of an intra-organizational nature... At their core, corporate norms are not a product of the law-making of public associations themselves, but only the form and method of using and implementing constitutional rights citizens to unite, and the creation and activities of public associations, including their rule-making, must be carried out on the basis and within the framework of the law, in accordance with the general requirements of the law and the legal form of public relations (compliance with the principle of legal equality, voluntariness, the relationship of rights and obligations, etc.). d.)…

(V.S. Nersesyants)

1. To whom, according to the author, do corporate norms apply? Which document contains the sanctions provided for violating corporate norms?
2. Name two types of norms that are not named by the author. Give examples of these standards.
3. What needs of society, according to the author, are expressed by social norms? Name two needs. Give an example illustrating the implementation of one of the two needs you mentioned.
4. Using the text, name the difference between corporate norms and legal norms. Explain how corporate norms depend on legal norms.

Answer :

1. A.“The norms enshrined in the documents of a public association (political party, trade union, public initiative body, etc.) apply only to members and participants of this public association and are binding only for them.

b. Violation of these corporate norms entails the application of appropriate sanctions provided for by the organization’s charter.” The wording can be arbitrary. By 2 points for every answer. Total 4 points.

2. Custom, religious norms, morality. Other types of norms may be given. For each named norm 2 points. Total 4 points.

The following examples can be given: the custom of decorating a Christmas tree on New Year. Religious norms include fasting before major religious holidays. Moral - don't lie, don't steal. . By 2 points for each example given. Total 4 points. Maximum 8 points.

3. 1) In streamlining the actions and relationships of its members; 2) in subordinating the behavior of members of society to socially necessary rules. By 2 points for each named need. Total 4 points. The following examples can be given: traffic rules regulate the behavior of its participants and ensure their safety; a student at school learns to fulfill requirements. Other examples may be given. 3 points for the correct example given. Maximum 7 points.

4. 1) Legal norms are established by the state, and corporate norms are established by one or another public association; 2) the creation of corporate norms must be carried out on the basis and within the framework of the law, in accordance with the general requirements of law and the legal form of public relations.

By 3 points for the correct answer to each question. Total 6 points.

Maximum per task 25 points.

Task 11

Solve the social studies crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

• 1. The totality of all relationships, as well as forms and organizations of cooperation between people with each other, relating to the purchase and sale of goods and services.
• 3. The activities of people to produce economic goods.
• 6. Small social group, united by blood, marriage, raising children, and living together.
• 8. A subject of conscious social activity, possessing a worldview, statuses, roles, and having undergone socialization.
• 10. Direct exchange of one product for another product.

Vertically:

• 2. A system of political institutions involved in organizing public life in a certain territory.
• 4. A consolidated legislative act that combines rules related to one branch of law.
• 5. The armed forces of a country, performing the function of any state to protect its territory, borders and population.
• 7. A specific position in the social structure of groups or society, connected to other positions through a system of rights and responsibilities.
• 9. Targeted training of an individual, the formation of certain knowledge and skills.

Answer :

1 point for every correct position.

Maximum per task – 10 points.

Maximum for work 100 points.