What is a cartoon. Research work "Cartoons, what is it?"

We all grew up on the good old Soviet cartoons. But, seeing Dunno, Funtik or other favorite characters on the screen, no one thought about how much effort was put into creating one minute of the cartoon. Where did her story begin? Puppet and hand-drawn animation - which one is older? You will find answers to these questions in this article.

What is animation?

Animation is a set of techniques based on the creation of moving images, or rather the illusions of their movement, since a lot of still pictures and scenes are used for this. That is, in fact, this is shooting pictures or puppets depicting individual moments of movement. Animation appeared much earlier than cinema was invented. Modern animation is increasingly called the term "animation", from the English "revival". Animation, animation - these are close concepts, but not identical. Their relationship can be characterized as follows. Animation is the creation of animation when frame-by-frame shooting of drawings, scenes, paper structures, etc. is carried out.

The invention of animation

What is animation? Part of the childhood of many children. But where did it start?

In 1877, self-taught engineer Emile Reynaud designed a praxinoscope, a mechanical toy with a mirrored rotating drum and a tape on which pictures were applied. Hand-drawn animation originated from this invention. Later, Reynaud improved his unit: now hand-drawn pantomimes, which were painted by hand, lasted from 7 to 15 minutes, although it must be admitted that this device for synchronizing image and sound was primitive, but not for those times

moving pictures

The animation technology looks like this: on each next frame, the hero's figure is presented in a slightly different phase of movement. Separately taken pictures are photographed one by one and projected onto the screen. Broadcast speed - 24 frames per second.

What is animation? This is a creative work, the creation of which takes a lot of time and labor of hundreds of people. Producers define the overall idea of ​​the tape, screenwriters work on the plot and write the script, which is then broken down into scenes and episodes, illustrated by a series of sketches. After all this falls on the table to the director-animator, who distributes the scenes between animators: each of them draws a certain position of the characters in the episode. Intermediate scenes will be drawn by junior animators. The rest of the artists are creating the background against which the action unfolds.

Then contour drawings need to be painted. They are transferred to transparent plastic, outlined with ink and painted. After that, the operator photographs the drawings using a special camera. The last stage is the synchronization of image and sound.

There is another technique for creating a cartoon.

puppet animation

Russia is the birthplace of puppet or volumetric animation. With the development of this type of cartoon, a new technique for creating films appeared. Nevertheless, the process of creating the tape remained no less laborious.

The first stage of creating a cartoon is writing a script and thinking over the images of the characters. According to the sketches of the characters, dolls, their costumes and shoes are sewn, which will correspond to the image of each of the characters. This is the most time-consuming stage of work, since each doll must be movable.

The second stage is the shooting of the phases of the movement of the dolls, corresponding to the scenario. One episode can be filmed for several days, or maybe several months. A full-length puppet cartoon can be filmed for 3 years or even longer. But basically, volumetric animation has a duration of 5-15 minutes, but even this takes several months.

Why is this happening? For example, according to the script of the cartoon, the hero runs along a forest path. To shoot this scene, the character puppet is placed against the background of a moving scenery, which depicts trees, the sun, clouds, sky, birds. Creating the effect of a running character, the animator manually moves the hero's legs and arms, and turns his head. In this way, each phase of the character's run is gradually filmed. Along with the body, the phases of the movement of clothes and hair are also filmed. So, during one day of shooting a cartoon, when all the photos are combined into one video sequence, the creators of the tape shoot only a couple of seconds of screen time.

When computer technology came to animation, puppet cartoons began to be shot much faster.

Electronic animation - animation

Electronic animation, or animation, is created using a computer: pre-prepared graphic files are sequentially arranged in the form of a slide show. Flash-animation is no less popular when a cartoon is created using a special Macromedia Flash program. It is easy to use and set up, which makes it popular.

elena borodina
Research project "Why do children like to watch cartoons?"

Supervisor: Borodina Elena Valerievna

Executor: Borodina Daria

preparatory group "B"

MKDOU №11 "Rowan"

« Why do kids love watching cartoons??»

Target: To figure out why do children watch cartoons and why is it interesting to them.

Tasks:

1. Find out what is cartoon.

2. Conduct a survey of the children in the kindergarten.

3. Draw conclusions.

Hypothesis: I suppose that

What's happened cartoon?

I am like everyone else children, love very much to watch cartoons. Quantity I can't even count the cartoons I've watched. I became interested why do kids like to watch cartoons and what is it? Information about cartoons searched in different sources: from books, the Internet, educational television programs. First we turned to the home library, where we read in the dictionary that cartoons, cartoon, cartoon, animation- it's all the same ... so they call animation in our cinema, translated from Latin means "soul", "animation" or "revival".

What have we learned about cartoons

Animation - a kind of cinematography, whose works are created by the method of frame-by-frame shooting of successive phases of the movement of drawn (or three-dimensional objects. Art cartoons do cartoonists(animators).

There are many genres cartoons:

old cartoons

Educational cartoons

cartoons by legends and fairy tales

cartoons fantasy or modern

magical cartoons

We asked the guys kindergarten questions.

Which cartoons you like to watch?

Why do you love to watch cartoons?

Conclusion:

In the course of work on we made sure with the project that my hypothesis was confirmed kids love watching cartoons because they are interesting, informative and bright.

Family watching cartoons- it's a great way to have fun and usefully spend your free time.

WHAT IS A CARTOON? Animation (from Latin multiplicatio - multiplication, increase, increase, reproduction) - techniques for creating the illusion of moving images (moving and / or changing the shape of objects - morphing) using a sequence of still images (frames) that replace each other with a certain frequency. Animation (from French animation) - animation, animation.

The history of the creation of animations began in 1877 in the most beautiful country of France. Self-taught engineer Emil Reynaud presented the first personal praxinoscope created to the whole public. For reference: a praxinoscope is a device for viewing patterns printed on a paper tape attached to a rotating drum.

The very first cartoons had the appearance of hand-drawn and hand-painted pantomimes, and the duration was about fifteen minutes. Sound accompaniment could already be used at that time, and was completely synchronized with the picture.

American Winsor McKay made a further contribution to the overall development of all animations. It is he who creates the first cartoon character in history, endowed with bright colors. personal qualities- Dinosaur Gertie This is the first movie about dinosaurs. This film was the first to use keyframe animation. It is included in the National Film Registry and ranks sixth on the list of the 50 greatest cartoons of all time Gertie the Dinosaur is an American short film.

ANIMATION GENRE OF CINEMA To create hand-drawn animation, there were cartoon machines. Such devices were produced in a special version for animation, which was distinguished by a vertical installation and a special magnifying glass for ease of sighting from such a position. The design of professional animation machines made it possible to create multi-layered images on separate media and included lighting equipment. Currently, for hand-drawn animation, a computer or a cartoon machine with a digital camera is used.

1911-1913 - in Russia the first three-dimensional cartoons were staged by director V. A. Starevich 1936 - the film studio "Soyuzmultfilm" (originally - "Soyuzdetmultfilm") was founded in the USSR. 1958 - Through the efforts of Osama Tezuka, a unique style of hand-drawn animation is created in Japan - anime.

1967-1971 - the first Soviet animated series "Mowgli", 1969 - in the film by Roman Kachanov "Crocodile Gena" the visual image of Cheburashka appears for the first time. 1988 - the first non-state animation studio "Pilot" in the USSR was founded. 1995 - the first full-length computer cartoon - "Toy Story" (Pixar studio)

In 1999, the cartoon "The Old Man and the Sea" directed by Alexander Petrov became the first cartoon in the history of cinema for large-format IMAX cinemas. In 2000, the same cartoon was awarded the Academy Award "Oscar".

An animated film, cartoon (from the merger of Latin multiplicatio - multiplication and English film - film; colloquial cartoon) is a film made using frame-by-frame rendering tools (including 3D modeling) and intended for demonstration in a cinema, broadcast on television, viewing on a computer screen and other electronic devices.

The list of cartoons made in the style of puppet animation is based on the amounts earned from ticket sales in cinemas. Profits from video rentals, TV shows, etc. are not taken into account. Data taken from Box Office Mojo and The Numbers. The amounts are in US dollars and do not take into account inflation. Due to inflation, cinema ticket prices increase over time, giving new movies higher rankings. Therefore, a list that does not take into account inflation cannot be objective ...

The list is based on the amounts the films have earned from theater ticket sales to date. Profits from video rentals, TV shows, etc. are not taken into account. The amounts are in US dollars and do not take into account inflation. All data taken from the Box Office Mojo website.

Big Animation Festival (BFM) - held in Russia international festival animated films. The festival has been held annually since 2007 in Moscow. Also, festival events are held in a number of other Russian cities (Voronezh, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg). BFM is a spectator festival, programs are formed by two program directors, there is no professional competition. In several program blocks, audience voting is held, the authors of the winning films are awarded ...

Kashtanov N, Naimushin N

Educational project. How to create a cartoon at home

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Municipal state educational institution

Medium comprehensive school With. Korlyaki

Sanchursky district of the Kirov region

How to create a cartoon?

Work done:

2nd grade student Nikita Kashtanov,

1st grade student Naimushin Nikita,

Leader: Zhuravleva

Inna Alekseevna,

Primary school teacher

Korlyaki

2014

Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 3

1. Literature review………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

1.1. What is animation……........................................................................................... 4

1.2. Classification of cartoons …………………………………..…. 5

1.3. The largest film studios for the creation of cartoons ........……… 5

2. Project activities ………………………………………….6

3. Project performance indicators ………………………………….8

3.1. Results of the selected equipment ……………………………….8

3.2. results creative process …………………………………... 8

3.3. Dissemination of results …………………………………………9

Conclusions …………………………………………………………………... 10

Literature ……………………………………………………………….. 11

Applications …………………………………………………………………12

The problem and relevance of the work

« Cartoon light pierces the darkness of ordinary days
In them, the inanimate comes to life to the surprise of the eyes,
Miracles are happening in running shots,
The spirit of creativity has settled in them forever.”
Alexey Samsonov

We, like all children, love watching cartoons very much. The number of cartoons we have watched is uncountable. And it seemed that we knew everything about them ... But one day, after watching one of the cartoons, we had an argument with the guys. We decided to find out: what are cartoons? I asked my classmates, but they also found it difficult to answer ...

Information about cartoons was searched for in various sources: from books, the Internet, educational television programs.

It became very interesting for us, and we wanted to try ourselves as an animator. The plot of the cartoon is simple: the rules of the road for cyclists. For a long time they could not decide what it would be main character: hand-drawn, plasticine, puppet. And I decided to make it from the material available to everyone - plasticine and a designer. Lighting fixtures are on. The camera is charged. The shooting process has begun.

Hypothesis. Is it easy to create a cartoon with your own hands at home.

Target. Create a cartoon with your own hands at home.

Tasks. 1. Study the literature on this topic.

2. Reveal different cartooning technologies

3. Create your own cartoon and develop recommendations for its creation.

1. Literature review

1. What is a cartoon.

First, we went to the library, where we read in the dictionary that cartoons, cartoons, animated films, animations are all the same ... This is how animation is called in our cinema, translated from Latin means “soul”, “animation” or “revival”. [ 1 ]

Animation is a type of film art that is created by frame-by-frame shooting of individual drawings - for cartoon films, or frame-by-frame shooting of individual theatrical scenes for puppet films. [ 1 ]

During the research period alone, we watched about 20 animated films of various content. We have determined that animators are used to create characters various materials and technology, and "revitalization" occurs through a rapid change of personnel.

1. Classification of cartoons.

Cartoon, as a kind of cinematography, began to develop in the early 20th century. In 1906, the world's first animated children's film was released in the United States for the first time. In Russia, in 1936, the Soyuzdetmultfilm studio also began to work, which began to shoot cartoons and puppet cartoons. Plots for them were taken, as a rule, from Russian folk tales. In our time, it is customary to divide all cartoons according to the technological process, for example: Drawn; puppet; Plasticine; sand; Powder (used, as a rule, bulk material); Computer. By duration there are

short films (the duration of which is no more than 45 minutes) and feature films lasting 45 minutes or more. And finally, the last parameter for cartoon classification is based on the age limit, for example: for small children, for teenagers and for adults. Today, thanks to the rapid development of computer technology, creating one or another free animated series is not as difficult as it used to be. [ 2 ]

1. The largest film studios for the creation of cartoons

Since ancient times, people have dreamed of being able to convey movement in their works, so at present there are a huge number of cartoons. They are usually divided by countries-producers, for example: American; French production; Japanese; Russia and the USSR; Czech production; German; English.

The creator of the first ever sound, first musical and first feature-length cartoon is an American animator, film director, actor, screenwriter and producer Walt Disney. From 1923 to the present, his cartoons - "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", animated series about Mickey Mouse, etc. are very popular.

In 1936, the animation studio "Soyuzmultfilm" was organized in Moscow. For more than 70 years of history, animation at the studio has been created by everyone famous cartoons“Well, wait a minute!”, “Kid and Carlson”, “Winnie the Pooh”, “Three from Prostokvashino”, “KrokodilGena”, etc.

[ 3 ]

2. Project activities

We plan to implement our project during the first quarter, i.e. from September to October 2013. The work will involve students in grades 1-2. We are planning a meeting withcomputer science teacher Anatoly Leonidovich Suslov, class teacher Inna Alekseevna Zhuravleva. We will find out from them the possibilities of creating cartoons with their own hands.

We will begin our work with a study of the literature. We will study various sources: encyclopedias, Internet resources, educational TV shows on a topic of interest to us. When meeting and talking with teachers, we will learn how to work with the right programs. Let's choose a cartoon theme. Let's create our own cartoon. Based on personal experience, we will develop recommendations for creating a cartoon.

After that, we found Internet resources accessible and understood for us.

We chose the method of creating a crossover cartoon on one of the sites - “Brook. Ecological club for children and parents»[ 4 ]

On the basis of the studied literature, they compiled their own methodology.[ Application ]

1. Necessary things for creating a cartoon with your own hands.

First. We don't need special equipment. Only camera , can be very simple.

Second. Skills in working with plasticine are required.

Third. Computer skills and a simple Vegas program installed by default in the Windows operating system.

2. A step-by-step sequence for creating a cartoon with your own hands.

We divided the sequence of creating a cartoon into several stages. We need to take 5 important steps:

7 –

Step 2. Think over and fashion the images of the characters of the film, the scenery of the scenes on which the film will take place.

Step 3. Make

Step 5. Edit the movie in the Vegas program installed by default in the Windows operating system.

3. Project performance indicators

3.1. Results of the selected equipment.

In order to accurately determine which cartoon we will create, we used the studied classification. We chose that our cartoon will be a short, children's, educational, plasticine. For work, we chose the necessary equipment - a Samsung camera, a computer with the Vegas program installed for editing frames and recording sound. We received advice on working with this program from the computer science teacher Anatoly Leonidovich Suslov.

3.2. The results of the creative process.

After getting acquainted with the necessary equipment, we decided to introduce the children to the rules of the road for cyclists through the cartoon. Choose a scenario. We liked the poem by O.N. Kamanin “How Masha rode a bicycle”. All the guys in our class were involved in the work. They distributed excerpts of the poem for scoring. Jointly developed characters: Masha, girlfriends, policeman. We made the necessary scenery according to the scenario. To do this, we used the Lego constructor, toy cars, and with the help of paper and cardboard, we designed buildings and markings on the road. This material is affordable and very easy to use. We have all the materials in stock, so the cost of the project is zero rubles.

At the next stage of work, we arranged the characters and scenery in accordance with the scenario. We rearranged the characters and scenery, filmed

9 –

every scene. We got about 60 frames. We chose the right ones. After all the shots were ready, the editing of the cartoon began. rescheduled

photos to a computer. Opened the program for editing video "Vegas". We added all the frames to the timeline, lining up in the right order.

3.3. Dissemination of results

The work done has brought us great satisfaction. For many months we waited for the result. We shared our joy with our parents by inviting them to the premiere of the cartoon “How Masha rode a bicycle”.

This work was presented at the festival "Creativity of young people for road safety" and was awarded a diploma of the first degree at the regional stage.

conclusions

Animation is a special kind of film art created by animators who use various materials and technologies to create characters, and “revival” occurs through a quick change of frames.

1. During the implementation of the educational project, Internet sources were studied.

2. Revealed various technologies for creating cartoons

3. We created our own cartoon, developed recommendations for beginner cartoonists.

In the course of the work performed, our hypothesis was confirmed. You can create a cartoon at home.

This work can be used in the lessons of the world around, when conducting class hours, extracurricular activities, parent meetings, for a conversation with students on the rules of the road and leisure activities. The dignity of this work can be considered that the ongoing work is available to anyone who has the desire and creativity.

Kashtanov Nikita, Naimushin Nikita,

Uch-Xia MKOUSOSH with. Korlyaki

Equipment for creating a cartoon with your own hands.

1. Camera
2. Computer with movie making software
3. Microphone for sound recording.

Step-by-step sequence of creating a cartoon.

Step 1. Create a script for your movie.

Step 2. Think over the images of the characters in the film, the scenery of the scenes on which the film will take place.

Step 3. Make photographs, rearranging drawings actors on stages according to the script.

Step 4. Choose a way to sound the film in accordance with the script.

Step 5. Edit the movie in Vegas or another program installed by default in the Windows operating system.