Inventory is inventories. No company can operate without them. She acquires them, uses them in her activities, and sells them. This means that the MP must be taken into account. In this article we will tell you how to properly maintain accounting records of inventories.

In this article you will learn:

What is MPZ

Inventory is inventories. Rarely, but still use the concept of goods and materials (inventory assets). This abbreviation has been used before. That is, inventory and materials are essentially synonyms.

Inventory in accounting is the assets that an enterprise uses in business activities as:

• materials and/or raw materials to produce products for sale (performance of work, provision of services).
• goods for resale
• assets that a company uses for management purposes.

How it will help: the provision regulates the accounting procedure for inventories acquired by the company. Take the document as a sample to confirm when and within what time frame employees submit to the primary accounting department who keeps the records.

Materials can be classified as follows (Figure 1).

Picture 1. Classification of MPZ

This way you can take materials into account. For example, open subaccounts for account 10 “Materials”. Similarly, goods for resale and finished goods can be taken into account.

These two concepts are often confused. Goods are assets that an organization has purchased in order to sell them at a premium. The company produces finished products independently. It is possible that some assets will be both finished products and goods. For example, if an organization does not have enough of its own production capacity and it purchases some from suppliers.

Read also:

How it will help: Improving the efficiency of inventory management can hardly be called one of the primary tasks of the CFO. Nevertheless, he should understand at least the basic principles, because inventories are an integral part of the company’s working capital. How to avoid unjustified costs for storing warehouse balances, how not to miss out on profits due to a lack of inventory - more details in this solution.

How it will help: when a company experiences a shortage of working capital and attracts loans, money immobilized in inventories is an unaffordable luxury. It’s even worse if these are illiquid stocks that have not been sold for a long time. The proposed solution will make it possible to dispose of stale residues in warehouses with maximum benefit, and not just dispose of them.

Accounting for materials and inventories in accounting accounts

The company keeps records of inventories in the following accounts:

Figure 2. Basic accounts for inventory accounting

Materials are sometimes recorded in off-balance sheet accounts (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Off-balance sheet accounts for accounting for inventories

Capitalization of goods and materials

The company takes into account materials according to actual cost (clause 5 of PBU 5/01). It includes all the costs the company incurred while it was delivering the material to its warehouse. For example:

• contractual value of assets;
• transportation costs (the organization has the right to immediately attribute costs for delivery to sales costs, if such a rule fixed in the accounting policies );
• cargo insurance;
• for goods – the cost of pre-sale preparation;
• customs payments;
• remuneration to intermediaries, etc.;

If the company operates on a common system, then VAT does not need to be included in the contract price of goods. The company will deduct the tax. But the company is in special mode VAT accounting in the cost of MPZ. Also, general business expenses are not included in the cost of inventories (clause 6 of PBU 5/01).

Organizations representing small businesses have the right to conduct simplified accounting. An exception is only for legal entities listed in Part 5 of Article 6 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”: microfinance firms, law firms, etc.

Organizations that maintain simplified accounting have the right to account for inventories only at the contractual value. They can immediately charge the remaining expenses to expenses for ordinary activities in the period in which they were incurred.

If a company received tangible assets free of charge, then they must be accounted for at market value. You focus on market value if you received assets after dismantling or repairing fixed assets, during inventory, etc.

If the materials appeared as capital contribution , then take them into account at the cost, the cost specified in the decision of the general meeting of participants or the sole participant.

When an organization receives inventory, it makes entries in accounting (table).

Table. Accounting for inventories: postings

Methods for assessing inventories in accounting

After the company accepted the inventory for accounting. She begins to use them in production or core activities. That is, he writes off. In this case, the cost of inventories in accounting can be assessed using one of three methods:

1. At the cost of each unit. In this case, the company should know. how much the specific material or product that she is writing off costs. That is, when an asset is disposed of, the cost of its acquisition is written off. Most often, such accounting is carried out for expensive assets.

2. Based on the average value of assets. In this case, assets are divided into groups. For example, if a company sells sweets, then the following groups are possible: chocolates, lollipops, cookies, etc. The average cost is determined by the formula:

Inventory cost is the cost of inventories or goods at the beginning and end of the period.

Quantity of inventories – quantity of inventories at the beginning and end of the period

To determine the value of disposed assets, you need to multiply the average value by the quantity.

Most companies conduct accounting automatically - in special programs. Therefore, such indicators are rarely calculated manually.

3. At the cost of the first acquisition of inventories. In Russia it is also called the FIFO method. This name comes from the English FIFO - First In First Out, which literally means “first in - first out”. This name fully reflects the essence of the method. That is, the value of disposed assets is the value of the earliest goods received. For example, the company bought the first batch of cement at a price of 560 rubles. per bag, and the second - at a price of 600 rubles. No matter what batch the company uses the material from. first it will be written off at a cost of 560 rubles.

The organization establishes the chosen method in its accounting policies. In this case, one type of inventory (for example, raw materials) can be assessed by one method, and another type of inventory (for example, goods) - by another (clause 16 of PBU 5/01).

Accounting for disposal of inventories

The disposal of materials must be documented. For example, when releasing materials into production, a requirement-invoice M-11 or a limit-intake card M-8 are drawn up.

The following entries are made in accounting:

Debit 20.23, 25.26 Credit 10

Resale goods, like finished goods, are disposed of when a company sells them to a customer. The following entries are made in accounting:

Debit 90 Credit 43

The Company took into account the cost/asset value upon sale.

Debit 62, 76 Credit 90

The company shipped the goods to the buyer.

Inventory accounting is an important part of a properly organized company. The process of accepting, writing off and moving inventories must be recorded in accounting registers.

How to do this correctly will be discussed in this article.

Why is this procedure needed?

Any production organization should timely reflect the receipt, write-off and movement of inventory. This need is determined by current legislation.

If an enterprise does not monitor changes in the number of these assets, then sooner or later it will face the following difficulties:

• it will be impossible to determine the debt to suppliers;
• it is impossible to calculate the price of finished products, since the cost is unknown;
• theft is possible, since the volume of inventories is not controlled, the company does not monitor the safety of raw materials;
• accounting principles are violated, and accordingly, reporting becomes unreliable.

Regulatory regulation

Record keeping must be carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. There are 4 levels of regulatory documents in total:

• Federal laws. The legal framework, accounting principles and other nuances are regulated by Law No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”.
• Standards. The information specified in Law No. 402 is supplemented and corrected. Inventory accounting is based on the following regulatory documents of this level:
  • PBU 5/01 establishes the essence of accounting for inventories, their composition, classification and evaluation methods;
  • PBU 10 regulates the rules for writing off inventories;
  • PBU 9 establishes the procedure for determining the financial result of a sale;
  • The chart of accounts contains information about accounting accounts.
• Guidelines. These documents are advisory in nature. These include:
  • instructions for inventory of property No. 49;
  • instructions for accounting for inventories No. 44;
  • other similar documents.
• Instructions. This level includes all documents related to inventory accounting created in the organization, for example:
  • job descriptions;
  • standards for write-off of materials and raw materials;
  • order on accounting policies;
  • order establishing the composition of the inventory commission;
  • calculation cards.

Failure to comply with the requirements established in all of the listed regulatory documents is regarded by the inspection authorities as a direct violation of the law. Inconsistencies and deviations from the rules are punishable by fines and other sanctions.

All the nuances of this procedure can be gleaned from the following video:

Accounting procedure

All operations related to the acquisition, movement and consumption of inventory items must be correctly documented using accounting accounts. Correspondence depends on the type of transaction, counterparty and type of asset.

Acquisition of oil and gas plant

The purchase of raw materials and materials by an organization at its own expense is formalized as follows:

Inventories can be accepted as a contribution to the authorized capital of the company. This operation is reflected in the correspondence of accounts:

Assets can also be received free of charge. This operation must be recorded in the accounting registers:

Operation	Debit	Credit
Inventory accepted at market value	10	98.2
Transport costs included	10	76
The cost of inventories was written off when they were transferred to production	98.2	91.1

Materials may be received by a company as surplus found during an inventory count. Such MPPs are drawn up as follows:

Materials, raw materials, goods can be purchased by an organization in exchange for its products. This practice is not widespread, but insolvent enterprises use this method. The procedure is completed by posting:

Write-off

Disposal is formalized in the event of sale, transfer or loss of objects. Most often, inventories are written off due to sales to customers. The process goes like this:

Inventory may be lost by an organization as a result of emergency situations. The cost of materials is written off to profit after taking inventory:

The gratuitous transfer of assets is formalized as follows:

Action	Debit	Credit
Disposal of inventories due to gratuitous transfer is reflected	91.2	10

Shortage

Companies must regularly and timely conduct inventories of materials, raw materials and finished products. If theft or loss was discovered during the inspection, they should be recorded in one of the following invoices.

If the culprit cannot be identified, the entire amount of damage must be taken into account as part of the costs:

If the person responsible for the theft is identified, the following entries are made:

Shortages can be detected not only during inventory, but also during the process of receiving supplies of goods and raw materials:

Operation	Debit	Credit
Losses were written off within the amount stipulated in the agreement	94	60 (76)
A claim has been made for the remaining amount	76.2	60 (76)
The claim is satisfied	51 (52)	76.2
Amounts that are not subject to refund according to the terms of the agreement are taken into account	10	94
Amounts written off in case of impossibility of collection	94	76.2
Damage included in expenses	91.2	94

Accounting Regulations
Accounting for inventories
PBU 5/01

Approved
By order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n

(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n,
dated 26.03.2007 No. 26n, dated 25.10.2010 No. 132n)

I. General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation in accounting of information about the organization’s inventories. An organization is further understood as a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and state (municipal) institutions).

2. For the purposes of these Regulations, the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories:

• used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);
• intended for sale;
• used for the management needs of the organization.

Finished products are part of inventories intended for sale (the final result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (assembly), the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law).

Goods are part of inventories purchased or received from other legal entities or individuals and intended for sale.

3. The accounting unit for inventories is selected by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these inventories, as well as proper control over their availability and movement. Depending on the nature of inventories, the order of their acquisition and use, a unit of inventories can be an item number, batch, homogeneous group, etc.

4. This Regulation does not apply to assets characterized as work in progress.

II. Valuation of inventories

5. Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

6. The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization’s actual costs for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs of purchasing inventories include:

• amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);
• amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• customs duties;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;
• remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which inventories were acquired;
• costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories; costs of maintaining the procurement and warehouse division of the organization, costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); interest on borrowed funds accrued before the inventory was accepted for accounting, if it was raised for the acquisition of these inventories;
• costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. These costs include the organization’s costs of processing, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of purchasing inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The paragraph has been deleted. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n.

7. The actual cost of inventories during their production by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of relevant types of products.

8. The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

9. The actual cost of inventories received by an organization under a gift agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

For the purposes of this Regulation, current market value means the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

10. The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization, the value of inventories received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the price at which similar inventories are purchased in comparable circumstances.

11. The actual cost of inventories, determined in accordance with paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 of these Regulations, also includes the actual costs of the organization for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use, listed in paragraph 6 of these Regulations .

12. The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

13. An organization engaged in trading activities may include the costs of procuring and delivering goods to central warehouses (bases), incurred until they are transferred for sale, as part of sales costs.

Goods purchased by an organization for sale are valued at their cost of acquisition. An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate purchased goods at their selling price with separate consideration of markups (discounts).

14. Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are taken into account in the assessment provided for in the contract.

15. Excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n.

III. Release of inventories

16. When releasing inventories (except for goods accounted for at sales value) into production and otherwise disposing of them, they are assessed in one of the following ways:

• at the cost of each unit;
• at average cost;
• at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
• paragraph deleted as of January 1, 2008. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 26, 2007 No. 26n.

The application of one of the specified methods for a group (type) of inventories is based on the assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies.

17. Inventories used by the organization in a special manner (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or inventories that cannot normally replace each other, can be valued at the cost of each unit of such inventories.

18. The assessment of inventories at average cost is carried out for each group (type) of inventories by dividing the total cost of the group (type) of inventories by their quantity, consisting respectively of the cost price and the amount of balance at the beginning of the month and the inventory received during the given month.

19. Estimation at cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that inventories are used within a month or another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. inventories that are the first to enter production (sale) must be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventories listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of inventories in stock (in warehouse) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of goods, products, works, services sold takes into account the cost of earlier acquisitions.

21. For each group (type) of inventories during the reporting year, one valuation method is used.

22. Valuation of inventories at the end of the reporting period (except for goods accounted for at sales value) is carried out depending on the accepted method for valuing inventories upon disposal, i.e. at the cost of each unit of inventory, the average cost, the cost of the first acquisitions.

IV. Disclosure of information in financial statements

23. Inventories are reflected in the financial statements in accordance with their classification (distribution into groups (types)) based on the method of use in the production of products, performance of work, provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization.

24. At the end of the reporting year, inventories are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined on the basis of the inventory valuation methods used.

25. Inventories that are obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality, or the current market value, the selling price of which has decreased, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year minus a reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets. A reserve for reducing the value of material assets is formed at the expense of the organization’s financial results by the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of inventories, if the latter is higher than the current market value.

26. Inventories owned by the organization, but in transit or transferred to the buyer as collateral, are taken into account in accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract, with subsequent clarification of the actual cost.

27. In the financial statements, at least the following information is subject to disclosure, taking into account materiality:

• on methods for assessing inventories by their groups (types);
• about the consequences of changes in methods of valuing inventories;
• on the cost of inventories pledged;
• on the amount and movement of reserves for reducing the value of material assets.

Detailed information on the accounting of inventories of an enterprise, the composition of accounting accounts and their correspondence can be obtained from the following links:

Material production reserves of the enterprise– these are current assets involved in the production and management cycle. In other words, this is property used for the production of finished products.

Accounting for inventories PBU 5/01. Position

The regulation on accounting for inventories was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (No. 44n dated June 9, 2001). This provision establishes the accounting principles (PBU 5/01) of inventories at the enterprise.

Classification of an enterprise's inventories

Inventories include the following types of enterprise assets:

• raw materials and supplies used in production;
• goods intended for sale, provision of services or involved in management needs;
• finished products that have gone through the entire production cycle;
• goods purchased from other organizations (legal entities).

It should be noted that the provisions of PBU 5/01 do not apply to accounting for work in progress.

Unit of accounting for inventories is installed individually at each enterprise. The purpose of accounting is the most reliable reflection of information about the state of the enterprise's inventories and control over their movement (acquisition/disposal).

Unit of accounting for inventories

Valuation of inventories

Material production inventories (MPI) must be accounted for at their actual cost.

Actual cost of inventories for the purchase of inventories– the amount of expenses of the enterprise for the purchase of goods and materials excluding VAT, customs duties and fees, excise taxes on certain types of goods/services. Accounting takes into account the following types of costs for the acquisition of inventories.

It should be noted that when calculating the actual costs of purchasing inventories, general business costs are not taken into account.

The actual cost of inventories during production is the amount of expenses an enterprise costs in the production of goods and materials.

The actual cost of inventories contributed to the authorized capital is determined based on the assessment by the owners of the enterprise.

The actual cost of inventories upon donation is estimated based on the market value as of the accounting date.

The actual cost of inventories under non-cash payment agreements is an assessment of the value of transferred assets at prices of similar types of assets.

The actual cost of acquired foreign inventories is determined based on their value at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as of the date of accounting for inventories.

Methods for assessing inventories according to PBU 5/01

The following valuation methods are used to account for inventories:

• at the weighted average price per unit of material;
• at the cost of each unit;
• FIFO method (at the cost of the first purchases);

1. Inventories, their composition, principles of assessment. PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”

Inventories are materials intended for use in production activities or in the management of an organization. In other words, inventories are a collection of tangible property belonging to current assets. Working capital (current assets) are funds invested by an organization in current operations during each production cycle.

In accordance with the Guidelines for accounting of inventories, the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories:

Used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

Intended for sale, including finished products and goods;

Used for the management needs of the organization.

The main tasks of inventory accounting include:

Timely and correct documentation of receipt and expenditure of material assets;

Formation of the actual cost of inventories;

Systematic control over the safety of stocks in places of their storage (operation) and at all stages of movement;

Constant control over the use of funds strictly for their intended purpose and in accordance with established standards;

Timely identification of unnecessary and excess inventories for the purpose of selling them or identifying other opportunities for their involvement in circulation;

Periodic reconciliation of accounting data with the actual availability of products and other inventories at their storage locations;

Conducting an analysis of the efficiency of use of reserves.

The use of a large number of different inventories at an enterprise requires proper organization of accounting, which requires classification of these inventories.

As a unit of accounting for inventories, a nomenclature number is selected, developed according to the names and homogeneous groups of these inventories. Inventory accounting is carried out in two measures: monetary and real (quantitative).

Inventory and equipment are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual cost of materials purchased for a fee includes:

Cost of materials at negotiated prices;

Costs of bringing materials to a state in which they are suitable for use in the enterprise;

Interest for using loans before posting materials.

The TZR includes transportation costs, as well as fees for storing materials at the point of purchase.

When releasing inventories into production or otherwise disposing of them, the enterprise evaluates them in one of the following ways:

At the cost of each unit;

At average cost;

At the cost of the first inventory purchases (FIFO method).

2. Accounting for receipt of materials. Formation of the actual cost of materials arriving at the warehouse.

Documents for accounting of inventories are:

Power of attorney (form No. M-2 and No. M-2a) - used to formalize the right of an official to act as a proxy for an organization when receiving material assets from a supplier. The power of attorney is drawn up in one copy by the organization's accounting department and issued against signature to the recipient. The validity period of powers of attorney, as a rule, cannot exceed 15 days; in exceptional cases it may be issued for a calendar month.

Receipt order (form No. M-4) - used to account for materials coming from suppliers or from processing. The receipt order is drawn up in one copy by the financially responsible person on the day the valuables arrive at the warehouse. It is issued for the actually accepted amount of valuables. Forms of receipt orders are handed over to financially responsible persons in a pre-numbered form.

The act of acceptance of materials (form No. M-7) is used to formalize the acceptance of material assets in cases where there are quantitative and qualitative discrepancies with the data of the supplier’s accompanying documents, as well as when accepting stocks received without documents (for uninvoiced deliveries). The act is the legal basis for filing a claim with the supplier; it is drawn up in two copies by members of the acceptance committee with the obligatory participation of the financially responsible person and a representative of the supplier or a representative of a disinterested organization. The act is approved by the head of the organization or other authorized person. One copy of the act with attached primary documents is transferred to the accounting department to record the movement of material assets, the other - to the supply department or accounting department to send a letter of claim to the supplier.

Synthetic inventory accounting is maintained on active accounts 10 “Materials”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”. Accounting for material assets on synthetic accounts is carried out at actual cost or at accounting prices.

Materials are accounted for on account 10 “Materials”, to which the following sub-accounts can be opened:

10-1 “Raw materials and materials” - is intended to take into account the presence and movement of raw materials and basic materials that are part of the manufactured product, forming its basis, or which are necessary components in its manufacture; auxiliary materials that are involved in the production of products or are consumed for economic needs, technical purposes, or to assist the production process; agricultural products prepared for processing, etc.;

10-2 “Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts” - used to account for the availability and movement of purchased semi-finished products, finished components, including building structures and parts that require assembly and are included in the cost of construction products, as well as to account for special equipment, tools and devices purchased by research and development organizations for carrying out scientific (experimental) work. General purpose equipment and instruments are accounted for as part of fixed assets or interbank supplies, and not in account 10 “Materials”;

10-3 “Fuel” - used to account for the presence and movement of petroleum products (oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, gasoline, etc.) and lubricants intended for the operation of vehicles, technological needs of production, energy generation and heating of buildings (coal, peat , firewood, etc.). When using coupons for petroleum products, they are recorded in this subaccount;

10-4 “Containers and packaging materials” - is intended to account for the presence and movement of all types of containers (except those used as household equipment), as well as materials for their manufacture and repair;

10-5 “Spare parts” - used to account for the availability and movement of spare parts intended for repair purposes, automobile tires in stock and circulation, as well as the exchange fund of complete machines, equipment, engines, components created at repair factories, in repair shops organizations, etc.;

10-6 “Other materials” - used to account for the presence and movement of production waste; irreparable marriage; materials received from the liquidation of fixed assets, worn tires, etc.;

10-7 “Materials transferred for external processing” - is used to account for the movement of materials transferred for external processing and subsequently included in the cost of products obtained from them. Costs for processing materials paid to third parties are charged directly to the debit of accounts that record products obtained from processing;

10-8 “Building materials” - used by construction organizations. It takes into account the availability and movement of materials used directly in the process of construction and installation work, for the manufacture of building parts, as well as other material assets necessary for construction needs;

10-9 “Inventory and household supplies” - is used to account for the availability and movement of inventory, tools, household supplies and other means of labor, which are included in the funds in circulation.

Account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” is used to reflect information on the acquisition of inventories related to funds in circulation. The account reflects the purchase price of the procurement and acquisition of inventories, determined according to the supplier's settlement and payment documents, and the accounting value of the assets actually capitalized;

Account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” reflects the difference in the cost of acquiring inventories, calculated in the actual costs of acquisition and at the accounting value. Analytical accounting for account 16 is carried out by groups of inventories.

Materials received by the enterprise are accounted for in material accounts. In this case, two options for accounting for materials are possible.

First option The "Materials" account takes into account the purchase cost of materials and transportation and procurement costs.

When purchasing materials, the purchasing enterprise pays the supplier the purchase price of the materials and at the same time the enterprise bears transportation and procurement costs (transportation, loading, unloading costs, etc.) The actual cost of materials consists of the purchase price and transportation and procurement costs

This is reflected in the accounting accounts as follows:

1. The supplier's invoice for purchased materials in the amount of 100,000 rubles has been accepted for payment.

D-account "Materials" D-account "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"

2. Charged to the transport organization for the delivery of these materials in the amount of 30,000 rubles. D-account "Materials" D-account "Settlements with various debtors and creditors"

3. Raw materials and supplies were written off for production at actual cost in the amount of 130,000 rubles. Account set "Materials"

Let's show this in the accounting accounts.

Second option. With this option, raw materials and supplies are accounted for in the “Materials” account at the planned standard cost, with separate accounting for deviations of the planned standard cost of materials from the actual one.

To record operations for the procurement of materials, an account “Procurement and acquisition of materials” is opened. The debit of this account reflects the purchase price of materials and transportation and procurement costs. And the loan reflects the planned cost of capitalized materials.

This is reflected in the accounting accounts as follows:

1. The supplier's invoice for received materials in the amount of 300,000 rubles has been accepted for payment.

D-account "Procurement and purchase of materials" D-account "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"

2. Accrued to the transport organization for the delivery of materials in the amount of 40,000 rubles.

D-account "Procurement and purchase of materials" D-account "Settlements with various debtors and creditors"

3. Materials are received at the warehouse at the planned (standard) cost in the amount of 350,000 rubles. Account item "Materials" Account item "Procurement and purchase of materials"

4. Deviations of the planned cost of capitalized materials from the actual cost in the amount of 10,000 rubles are written off (savings).

Account item "Procurement and purchase of materials" Account item "Variance in the cost of materials"

Thus, the debit of the account “Procurement and acquisition of materials” reflects the actual cost of received materials, and the credit reflects the same materials, but at the planned (standard) cost. When comparing debit and credit turnover on the “Procurement and acquisition of materials” account, savings or overruns are identified. The identified difference is written off to the account “Deviation in the cost of materials” in correspondence:

when saving:

D-t of the account "Procurement and purchase of materials" D-t of the account "Deviation in the cost of materials";

in case of overspending:

Account item "Deviation in cost of materials" Account item "Procurement and purchase of materials"

After which the “Procurement and acquisition of materials” account is closed.

5. Raw materials and supplies are written off for production at a planned cost in the amount of 200,000 rubles. Account item "Main production" Account item "Materials"

Materials for production costs are written off at the planned (standard) cost. And periodically, once a month or quarter, deviations of the planned cost of materials from the actual ones are written off to production costs in proportion to the cost of materials consumed in correspondence

when saving:

D-account "Main production"

Invoice bill “Deviation in the cost of materials” - using the Red Reversal method; in case of overexpenditure - with an additional entry.

6. Deviations of the planned cost from the actual cost of materials spent on production in the amount of 5,714 rubles are written off.

D-account "Main production"

Invoice set “Deviation in cost of materials” - using the Red Side method.

Schematically it looks like this:

3. Accounting for the release of materials from the warehouse. Methods for estimating material consumption

The release of materials from warehouses (from storerooms) of an enterprise to production (to sites, to teams, to workplaces) usually occurs on the basis of limits established by the supply department or other departments (officials) by decision of the head of the enterprise. Limits on the supply of materials are determined on the basis of material consumption standards developed by the relevant services of the enterprise, production programs of the enterprise divisions, taking into account the balances (carryover stocks) of materials at the beginning and end of the planning period. Changes to limits (in connection with clarification of the volumes of work in progress and balances of unused materials in departments of the enterprise, changes and (or) overfulfillment of the production program, changes in consumption rates, replacement of materials, correction of errors made when calculating the limit, etc.) are carried out with permission of the same persons who are granted the right to approve them.

The primary documents for the release of materials from the warehouses of an enterprise to its divisions are (in addition to those already listed) a limit-receipt card (standard inter-industry form No. M-8), a requirement-invoice (standard inter-industry form No. M-11), an invoice (standard inter-industry form No. M-15).

At the end of the month (quarter), limit cards are handed over to the accounting department of the enterprise. When releasing materials in excess of the limit, a stamp (inscription) is affixed to the primary documents (limit cards, requirements, invoices) "Overlimit". Materials are released in excess of the limit with the permission of the head of the enterprise or persons authorized by him. The documents indicate the reasons for the excess supply of materials.

The above-limit supply of materials includes additional supply related to the correction or compensation of defects (for the production of products, products to replace rejected ones) and covering the excess consumption of materials, i.e. consumption above the norm.

The release of materials from the warehouses of an enterprise division to production can be recorded directly in the warehouse records cards. In this case, consumable documents for the release of materials are not issued. Materials are issued on the basis of limit and intake cards, issued in one copy. The vacation limit can also be indicated on the card itself. The recipient signs for receipt of materials directly on the warehouse record card. The code or name of the order (cost) is also indicated here.

With this system of releasing materials from the warehouse, the warehouse accounting card is an analytical accounting register and at the same time performs the functions of a primary document.

The return of unused materials by business units to the warehouse is documented with invoices or limit collection cards. Materials handed over to the warehouse arrive at the warehouse with simultaneous write-off from the report of the enterprise division. If these materials were written off for production, their cost is charged to reduce the corresponding costs.

4. Accounting for materials in warehouses and when released into production. Methods for analytical accounting of materials

Material assets are received by organizations from suppliers on the basis of concluded supply agreements. Suppliers of material assets, simultaneously with the shipment of products, send accompanying documents (invoices, delivery notes, etc.) to the buyer. The received valuables are handed over to the warehouse by an authorized person or a representative of the supply (marketing) department against the signature of the warehouse manager on the accompanying documents. A standard agreement on full financial responsibility must be concluded with the warehouse manager (storekeeper). If there is no position of warehouse manager, his duties can be assigned to any employee of the organization with his consent and with the mandatory conclusion of an agreement on liability. A storekeeper can be released from his position only after a complete inventory of inventory items and their transfer according to the act.

When materials are received from suppliers, the warehouse manager checks that the actual quantity matches the data in the supplier's accompanying documents. If there are no discrepancies, then the warehouse manager issues receipt orders (form No. M-4) for the entire amount of material assets received in one copy for each type of materials on the day of their receipt. Receipt order forms are issued to the warehouse manager in pre-numbered form. You can receive material assets without issuing a receipt order if there are no discrepancies between the actually accepted quantity of material assets and the quantity indicated in the supplier’s accompanying documents. In this case, the warehouse manager puts a stamp on the supplier’s document, the imprint of which contains the same details as in the receipt order.

If, when accepting materials from suppliers, a discrepancy is established with the data of the accompanying documents (shortages, surpluses, mis-grading) or an uninvoiced delivery occurs (receipt of materials without accompanying documents from the supplier), the warehouse manager, together with a representative of the supplier or an independent organization, draws up an act of acceptance of materials (f. No. M-7) in duplicate. In these cases, receipt orders are not drawn up and the act is both a receipt document and the basis for clarifying settlements with the supplier. The second copy of the act is transferred to the supplier.

If deliveries of homogeneous cargo are made several times during the day, then one receipt order can be issued for the whole day. On the reverse side of the receipt order, a note is made about each individual receipt with a summary of the total for the day.

Materials can come to the organization from accountable persons. In this case, the accountable person transfers material assets purchased for cash in stores, markets, from the public, etc., to the warehouse manager, who receives them by issuing receipt orders in the generally established manner.

When drawing up an advance report on the amounts spent on the purchase of material assets, it is necessary to attach supporting documents confirming the purchase: invoices and store receipts, receipts for cash receipts, acts (certificates) if purchases were made in markets or from the public.

The warehouse manager keeps records of the movement and balances of materials in warehouse accounting cards of a standard form (form No. M-17). A separate card is opened for each inventory item number. Therefore, warehouse accounting is called varietal accounting and is carried out only in physical terms. Card forms are issued to the warehouse manager against receipt on the basis of the register, which indicates their quantity and registration numbers.

An entry in the cards is made by the warehouse manager on the basis of primary documents on the day of the transaction. After each entry, the balance is displayed for each item number, grade, and size of the corresponding inventory. Based on these data, the warehouse manager promptly informs the management of the organization and the marketing service about the status of inventories for individual product items, as well as about the balances of inventories that have been idle for a long time.

Warehouse accounting of materials can be maintained in sort accounting books, which contain the same details as warehouse accounting cards.

Periodically (at least once a week), employees of the material department of the accounting department check the accuracy of the entries in the warehouse accounting cards while simultaneously checking the execution of primary documents. The remainder of the materials displayed on the cards is confirmed by the signature of the inspector. Then the warehouse manager draws up a register of delivery of receipt and expenditure documents and submits it with the necessary accompanying documents (supplier invoices, delivery notes, etc.) to the accounting department. Documents are selected into bundles according to groups and inventory numbers. Limit cards are dealt as the limit is used. At the end of the month, they all must be transferred to the accounting department.

At the end of the month, the warehouse manager transfers quantitative balances from warehouse accounting cards to the balance book (statement), which is maintained according to balance sheet accounts of material inventories, subaccounts, inventory groups and their individual types.

Control over the correctness of warehouse accounting is carried out in the accounting department by checking the correctness of the preparation and execution of primary documents, records of the movement of materials in warehouse accounting cards and their balances in the balance book.

Analytical accounting of materials in accounting is carried out in monetary terms for materially responsible persons (warehouses) in the context of balance sheet accounts (sub-accounts) and inventory groups.

The primary documents received from the warehouse to the accounting department are checked from the point of view of the correctness of their execution, and then taxed (valued) at fixed accounting prices. The results of document registers (by income and expense) are reflected in synthetic accounts, subaccounts and groups of materials in accumulative statements. At the end of the month, the information from the accumulative sheets is used to compile group turnover sheets for each warehouse.

The correctness of maintaining inventory records of materials is checked by comparing the cost totals for each group of inventories in the balance book with similar balances in the group turnover sheet. If discrepancies are found between warehouse accounting indicators and group turnover sheet indicators, then, as a rule, a grade turnover sheet is compiled within the inventory group for which discrepancies are identified.

This method of accounting for materials is called operational accounting, or balance.

Related information.